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Aquaculture of coral
Coral aquaculture, also known as coral farming or coral gardening, is the cultivation of corals for commercial purposes or coral reef restoration. Aquaculture is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs, which have been declining around the world.〔Horoszowski-Fridman, YB, Izhaki, I & Rinkevich, B (2011) ("Engineering of coral reef larval supply through transplantation of nursery-farmed gravid colonies" ) ''Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology'', 399(2): 162–166.〕〔Pomeroy, RS, Parks, JE and Balboa, CM (2006) ("Farming the reef: is aquaculture a solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs?" ) ''Marine Policy,'' 30(2): 111–130.〕〔Rinkevich, B (2008) ("Management of coral reefs: We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration" ) ''Marine pollution bulletin,'' 56(11): 1821–1824.〕 The process bypasses the early growth stages of corals when they are most at risk of dying. Small corals are propagated in nurseries then replanted on the reef.〔Ferse, SCA 2010, ("Poor Performance of Corals Transplanted onto Substrates of Short Durability" ) Restoration Ecology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 399-407.〕 Coral is farmed by coral farmers who live locally to the reefs and farm for reef conservation or for income. It is also farmed by scientists for research, by businesses for the supply of the live and ornamental coral trade, and by private aquarium hobbyists.
==Introduction==
Coral reef farming is the extracting of segments or larva of live corals from a reef and growing them in a nursery until adulthood. It is commonly referred to as the "gardening method" as it is analogous to horticulture and has been compared to silviculture as a management practice that mimics natural ecosystems.〔〔Levy, G, Shaish, L, Haim, A & Rinkevich, B (2010) ("Mid-water rope nursery--Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument" ) ''Ecological Engineering,'' 36(4): 560–569.〕 The technique involves treating coral as if it were a plant. Small corals, analogous to seeds, are propagated in nurseries, then replanted into their natural habitat – in this case, the sea.〔
Coral reef farming is predominantly practiced for three reasons, either for conservation, to supply aquariums and zoos for public exhibits or to supply the home aquarium hobby industry. Grown corals can be transplanted back into the reef, usually onto damaged areas, improving the recovery of coral reefs suffering from degradation.〔〔Bellwood DR et al. (2004) (Confronting the coral reef crisis ) ''Nature'', Review, 429(6994): 827–833〕 Some areas where coral is farmed ''in situ'' for conservation reasons are the Philippines, Solomon Islands, Palau, Fiji, Marshall Islands and Japan. Coral farming ''ex situ'' occurs more frequently in public aquariums in North America and Europe.〔Delbeek, JC (2001) (Coral farming: past, present and future trends" ) ''Aquarium Sciences and Conservation'', 3(1): 171–81.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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